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Card Sorting

Designing Usable Categories

Card Sorting

Card sort analysis spreadsheet

Over the past few years I have been slowly developing and refining a spreadsheet I use for analysis of card sorts. I have used it on many projects and find it invaluable for helping me manage the data and spot patterns.

I use it to analyse results from physical (i.e. not software) open card sorts. It could quite easily be used for closed card sorts as well, though I haven't done that as I don't do closed sorts.

I have refined it to the point where I'm happy with it, and have prepared instructions for it. The instructions and spreadsheet are completely free for you to use however you wish.

Files

There are four files available:

If you use it, please let me know how you go!

Notes

Some other random notes:

  • I have done everything I know to make the PDF screen-reader friendly, but please let me know if it isn't
  • I use a PC and know it works on a PC. I have had mixed response from friends with Macs - for some it works, some it doesn't. If it doesn't, please let me know and I'll explore further
  • In the comments below is an answer to the question "What do I do with sub-categories". I'll include this in the instructions next time I revise them

Screenshots

Entering the card names:

spreadsheet card entry

Summary of all cards and standardised categories:

standard_summary.gif

Analysis of categories:

cats_summary_analysis.gif

Visualisation of results:

correlation.gif

Comments

Awesome Donna, you are the card sorting master (and an Excel master by the looks of it!). I look forward to your template for analysing card based classification evaluation...

Oh Donna if only I had this three weeks ago when analysing a card sort! Wonderful stuff. I look forward to using it.

Great contents. Thanks Donna.

Although I'm a big fan of running card sorts and learn a great deal each time I do, one of the trickiest parts is quantifying the results. Not any more. Thanks Donna.

Hi Donna,

Nice tool.

I am curious, after you a filled out a spread-sheet: What's next?

Any guidance you can give to answering this questions will be appreciated!

Thanks,
Alex

Thanks Donna. Just getting into this xls now and I think it is going to be very useful - especially to be able to show the quizzical managers some scientific analysis.

I am not sure how to approach sub categories. One sort group came up with 10 high level categories, but one of those categories has four sub categories, and one has three. Do I use the categories or sub categories in the group column of the Sort worksheet? Using only sub-categories might lose some useful chunking up.

much appreciated
Louisa

Hi Alexander

When you have it all filled in, that's when you have to start thinking about what you have learned. It isn't something I can answer in a blog post but I promise I have two whole chapters in my book ;)

Hi Louisa

For analysis, you can do one of two things with subcategories:
- break them into their own little groups, but make a note of the broader group so you don't forget that it was there
- combine them into broader categories and keep a note of the detailed breakdown

The way I make the decision is to look at what the overall pattern is with all the sorters and analyse all at a similar level.

For example, if everyone creates 10 groups with 10 cards, but one group creates 2 main categories with 5 subcategories each, analyse at the sub-category level. If one group creates 10 main groups with 2 sub-groups each, analyse at the broader level.

This isn't just a limitation of my spreadsheet - all statistical analysis needs you to make this sort of decision in order to crunch numbers sensibly.

I'm going to add some notes about this to the instructions when I next review them.

Dear Donna,

I am testing your cardsort analysing tool.

I was trying to change the max of 200 cards to 224 cards. Now everyting is OK, but only at the tab: summery I mis a lot of cards. I think you put some formule in the xls with a maximum of 200?

Could you tell me what I have to change, and where I can change it.

I hope I can use your cardsort tool.

Regards, nick

Nick, this spreadsheet has lots of relationships - adding cards means changes need to be made throughout the sheet. I've just sent you the larger spreadsheet, but this too only manages 200 cards. I'll have to make you a spreadsheet that copes with more cards.

In my book, I've made a strong point about thinking about analysis in the planning stage, and making sure you can analyse what you collect ;) It is important to check your analysis tools before you start.

Donna, this spreadsheet is amazing. Also, your detailed instructions are exceptionally easy to follow. I now know how to do a merge to create labels! I am eager to use the spreadsheet tomorrow for a card sort session.
Thanks for sharing!

Hi Donna, would you mind sharing the larger spreadsheet with me as well? Thanks!

This tool was incredibly helpful. Thanks for sharing!

Donna, I cant think you enough for creating and posting this online. This has been an amazing and eye-opening tool for our card sort. One quick question though - We had 23 participants as opposed to 20. I added a few more tabs to cover their results, added new columns to both summary tabs and changed the formulas, but cant seem to revise the formulas enough pull in the data for tabs Sort21 -Sort23. Any ideas?

Thanks again for sharing!

Dear Madam
I have 39 cards for sorting. I dont have standarised categoriesbut i have sub-catgoryHow can i anayss them.
Pl. advicd

Donna,

This is great, it seems like it will make my life easier for the card-sort I am doing next week.

I have a question about how you designed the card sort: I see that you put fairly long descriptions on the cards in the first go. How exactly did you elicit the category names from users? Did they create their groups, & assign a group name (original category) of their choosing?

What do you think about the approach where I might provide a label on the front of the card & a brief description of the content on the back?

Thanks.

Hi Donna,

Thank for sharing the spreadsheet. It has been a tremenduous help in analysing our cardsort results. We will be using it extensively for our future experiments henceforth.

Btw, just to check, do you have a copy capable of handling more than 50 sorts? If not, can you guide me to do so? Cos its seemed there are a lot of linking functions in the worksheets. I tried to add the sorts in but to no avail so far.

Many thanks in advance.

Regards
An

Hi Donna,

Thank you so much for the spreadsheet - it is invaluable. I wanted to add an extra 15 participants (to have 35 maximum)...is there any way that you can do that easily? I realized that you have to pull forumulas from the different tabs... or do you have a bigger spreadsheet that can accommodate a larger number of participants?

Thanks!

Hey Donna,

This is awesome stuff you have put up here. Made my life so much easier!

Thanks!
Reuben

Thanks a lot for this and for your article on card sorting. Really useful!

Hi Donna

This is my first card sort analysis and i came across your spreadsheet just before i started to analysis my data. The only problem is i have approx. 100 sorts not 40. Can you perhaps explain the changes i need to make to the spreadhseet to increase the number of sorts or maybe send me a larger spreadhseet?

Your help would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks
Sharon Mc Aleer

Hi Sharon

100 people is really too many for a spreadsheet ;) The spreadsheet is great for few enough participants that you can print out the big matricies and look at what they came up with, and you really can't do that with 100 people. Your best bets for that number of participants is:
- split them somehow (demographics, role) and compare results across a couple of groups
- use a statistical tool

Hi Donna,

Great tool, thank you for sharing. I am using it now for the IA of our Intranet.

I have found what it looks to be a bug, at least to me. On the CatsSummary column C you have a formula =COUNTIF(StandardSummary,AX) (being X the row)

That will count the number of times the standarised category (in AX) is repeated on the sheet StandardSummary. OK. The problem is that if you have a standarised category with the name of a normal card it will count it +1 so giving wrong and quite confusing results. A better formula would be =COUNTIF(StandardSummary!C2:AP201,AX). I hope this helps.

For Sharon (although a bit late for you...):
Are you really sure that you need 100 people? Well, if you can afford it then it is great but i am not sure 100 people will give much better results than 30 or 20 people. Actually there is a nice paper you could create from that analysis (correlation of 20 users vs correlation of 100) since i don't see many studies about it.
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20040719.html
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/quantitative_testing.html

Best regards,
David

Thanks for making this spreadsheet available Donna. What a great tool especially for novices like myself. We just completed a preliminary card sort and your spreadsheet will make explaining the data so much easier. Thanks for all the hard work!

PS --- your user instructions are very well written as well.

Hi Donna,

This is one good tool, I'll explore it further.

Note: one good quick start to my usability study.

Thanks once again!

Hi Donna,
this method seems like inviting the guests of a restaurant to make the food in the kitchen with the cooks. Isn't the least thing an IA needs "suggestions" from client side on the site structure? I see the comforting rays of mathematics being emitted from this, which can warm a frosty client-IA relationship and give the IA the untouchable aura of a scientist, which then paves the way for the delivery of the actual work: a new site concept that none of the clients could have thought of with more than an initial idea anyway (an idea you can easily collect in a two hour brainstorming meeting). I don't see anything but a soft, mellow middle Information Architecture solution coming out of this that pleases everyone and no one. Unless you throw all data out after everyone got the feeling that their voice counts and will surely embrace the new solution. (The old mediator trick) and then start the actual work. I also can't remember the last project that actually had a budget for something more than a questionaire/brainstorming meeting to gather everyone's opinions on the company, products, their own work and their wishes for the new site. Luxurious! Where did you find the clients that pay for this? The mysterious, undiscovered forests of the Information Architecture market.

IA, card-sorting participants aren't made up of the client team.

This is fantasitc, Donna. Thank you so much for sharing your spreadsheet. What a huge time saver for us all. I wish you every success with your book!

Hi Donna, this is an awesome resource. I was pulling my hair out trying to find a clear, simple explanation for a complex job that I could pull some fast results from and you've nailed it! Thanks a million. DS

Donna,

Love the spreadsheet. It's an advantage to use with IA, not a detour. I have a question: how do you handle sorters using the same category, but in different ways. For example. You are cateorizing food. Everyone puts meat in a category called meat. But then half the people choose a category called 'yummy stuff', and put in candy and deserts. The other half has a category called 'yummy stuff' and puts in candy and nuts. Seeing this double combo each used, do you rename all of their entries and 'decide for yourself that they got it wrong', and then set your standardized names accordingly. Or do you lump them together and avoid putting too much of your own spin on it? In addition to the two categories above, the first group also has a category called 'nuts', with 'nuts'. The second group has a category called 'desserts', with desserts. So, there are categories that could work for half of each of their 'yummy stuff' entries, but it's different for half the company.

One comment on your wonderful spreadsheet is to make sure that the card name is not the same as any of the standardised category names; otherwise the CatSummary sheet becomes inaccurate. My solution has been to add " around the card names.

I'd like to react to the commenter above: "this method seems like inviting the guests of a restaurant to make the food in the kitchen with the cooks".

I think this analogy is slightly wrong here. If you say that the guests are creating the food, that's like saying the users are invited to help building the website.

I think a better analogy is that, when a chef in a restaurant prepares a new menu with several new dishes, s/he invites people over and they can taste morsels of food and deciding what flavors they like better. S/he gets a better understanding of what works well and what does not work well. In the end, the final decision of how to make the dish and which dishes to put on the menu, is still up to him/her.

As for budget, I don't think a card sort should be expensive. In the very worst case, it's something you could do with friends or family. And even a small exercise should give you some more insight.

In the end, the user is always right. If they find that a label is unclear or that a certain item does not belong in a category, then that should be catered for, no matter how perfect you think your Information Architecture is.

(I know this reply is hugely late, but I'm answering in case it helps others reading it)

In the spreadsheet I leave these exactly as they are - it's exactly what you are trying to see - that people thought of the sort differently.

It's in the IA that this matters. You may decide that a category of 'yummy stuff' is very important to your users and put in candy, desserts and nuts (to stretch the example)...

Thanks - I think I can fix that. I just need to redefine the range in StandardSummary to exclude the card names.

Hi Donna,
Highly appreciate your excellent book, I read it and I try to practice according to your guide. But I can't find some corresponding menus in Microsoft Office Word 2007, for exmaple: "open data source", "Insert Merge fields", and so on. Because Office Word 2007 have been re-designed, so can you help update a new version for "cardsort_analysis" PDF that using Microsoft Office Word 2007, Microsoft Office Excel 2007 as the example when you are free? Thanks a lot and admire!

Hi Lilian

Thanks for your comments. I'm probably not going to get time for a while to update the instructions to Word 2007. I did it myself though recently - I think you'll be able to fumble through if you look for the intent of each step.

Hej Donna,

I'm not sure if this issue came up earlier or not, but I mention it anyway.

While trying to understand the spreadsheet, I found some odd numbers at the bottom of the correlation tab. There were some negative numners in the medium agreement line and the other two lines didn't make sense all of the time. Turned out that the equation that is used in the 75 calculations use a decimal point where I in the Netherlands would expect the komma to separate the fraction from the main number. When I changed e.g. =AANTAL.ALS(C$2:C$100;">=0.75") to =AANTAL.ALS(C$2:C$100;">=0,75"), the numners started to make sense to me:-) I'm not sure how to handle this "country" difference in Excell.

Anyway: great tool. Thanks.

Regard,
Gerard

Thanks a lot for this helpful spreadsheet!

While using it for my card sorting data, I found a little bug I want to let you know, for that it won't keep you as busy as me ;-)

The spreadsheet doesn't allow that 2 different sorters used the same name for one of their categories if these same-named categories are then mapped to 2 different standardised categories. The calculations for this category name then don't work correctly.

Hi Jutta

That's not a bug - that's how it's meant to work. If two people used the same name for one of their categories, I'd map them to the same standardised category. That's exactly what the standardisation process is - just pulling together things that are named in a very similar way.

Hi Donna, love the spreadsheet, great use of Excel.

I do have a problem with the Unique cards column in the CatsSummary worksheet, though.

For each Standardised category, the number of Unique cards is exactly the same as the number of Total cards in this category, and I know this not to be the case in at least some of the categories.

The ChangeLog says that on 5/11/2010 "Fixed the Unique cards column in CatsSummary". What was the problem that was fixed?

Any thoughts on what could be going on?

cheers, Pete

During my card sort, I allowed people to copy a card and put it into two different categories if they wanted to. Groups did this only a few times, but I am not sure how to track those repeated cards in the spreadsheet. Any suggestions?

Hi there,

first thank you for the book and all the knowledge sharing.

I'm desperately trying to make it work on windows 7, I tried with office 2007 and office 2010 but I have run-time errors on both. I'm using the files provided by optimalworkshop.com.
I guess I should use a anterior version of office?

Any idea if somebody made it work with office 2007 or 2010, I can't find any info :-(

Thanks

Yann

Hey Donna, it would be great to also see a YouTube tutorial on using your spreadsheet

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